Dramatic Purposes of Emilia-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Talk about the centrality and emotional motivations behind Lodovico and the essentialness and sensational reasons for Emilia. Answer: Characters are what takes forward a show and they are the ones who make clashes which makes clashes through communications and increment the intricacy of the dramatization. They are the most imperative to the story as they are the one controlling the structure and development of the play, and furthermore the ultimate result. It is crafted by a writer to make his characters with the end goal that the entire play can rotate around them and the crowd can be awestruck. Characters can be of two kinds, for example, the significant characters, and the minor ones. The significant characters are the person who straightforwardly control the course of the play or the plot ( Howard, et al. ). The minor ones are those which in a roundabout way influence the equivalent. The minor or supporting characters are the individuals who prompt the significant ones and bolster the contentions all through the length of a dramatization. It is the characteristic of a decent screenwriter who can make his minor characters in the same class as the significant ones, drawing an equivalent measure of consideration. A decent producer wouldn't fret venturing out in front of his time and depicting his minor characters in a manner that draws in a ton of consideration or much more than the significant characters (Pao and Angela). A minor character doesn't just unfurl itself, it additionally unfurls shades of the significant ones. They some of the time quickly engage in the plot and work up a great deal of hustle and leave without a notice for the most part. The accompanying paper discusses how Emilia, being one of the minor characters in Othello, draws as much consideration as the others and has a reason for improving the shades of different characters (Kolin and Philip). Emilia as a character shows up in the play without precedent for Act two, scene one. She has a concise nearness before she leaves the phase with her mates or colleagues. Regardless of being a minor character, Emilia was extraordinary inverse to that what Desdimona. Emilia was keen and negative in nature, particularly in issues of men and relationships. There was notice of a discourse among Desdimon and Emilia with respect to the imperfections of the other gender. She apparently agrees to enjoy the universe of infidelity whenever paid adequately, which is a reality that Desdimona finds staggeringly exploitative. Iago supposedly uses Emilias close associate with Desdimona, to his advantage, to take her hanky. This was done to persuade Othello that Desdimona had been with Cassio. Emilia differs to do as Iago coordinated, yet later she lied when gotten some information about the hanky. She apparently is uninformed about Iagos plans until the finish of the last demonstration. In the play, she is blamed for betrayal with both Cassio and Othello. Emilia challenges Othello after Desdimonas demise, excusing the dangers forced on her (Rosen and Jeremy). Episodes like these assemble the sensational strain, which is at long last discharged when reality with regards to Emilias spouse was uncovered in Act 5, scene ii. The character Emilia contributes extraordinarily to the emotional course of the play. At the point when the activity of the play rises, her commitment is viewed as something entirely observable. She accidentally hands over the item to her significant other that fixed Desdemonas destiny. The hanky persuades Othello regarding Desdemonas blame. The writer outfits the character with powers, which can change the appalling result. In Act three, disregarding having possibilities, she didn't thwart Iagos plan, notwithstanding perceiving how bothered Othello got with respect to Desdemonas betrayal. She rather decided to accuse men when all is said in done and marriage. She calls men stomachs and ladies food to show her concept of disturb and call men only covetous. In the dramatization, ladies are viewed as objects of diversion and things to control, for men of the period. Emilia accepted that ladies and men ought to be dealt with similarly and that they ought to get the chance to appreciate equivalent rights (Callaghan and Dympna). It is said that Emilia was acquainted into the play deliberately with offer power to the activities of the character of Iago. It was to heighten the plot of Iago that Emilia was presented. She has been utilized to get the specific cloth, which was a significant move in molding the bearing of the play, not simply Igo. Emilia and Iagos relationship is an impression of Othello and Desdemonas. Steady clashes and absence of fondness are what described their relationship (Singh and Megha). Emilia is only depicted to give and result to Iagos sees. It was apparent that he saw his marriage a similar way he saw power-something to be vanquished, overwhelmed. From the above conversation it will be protected to arrive at the decision that Emilia was a solid character despite being one of the minor characters of the play. Her motivation was not clear and she effectively gave that additional edge to the character of Iago. The real nature of her fellowship and unwaveringness with Desdemona moved into the open during the cloth scene. In any event, being a minor character, her character has been given numerous shades and made to be a fascinating one. References Callaghan, Dympna. A women's activist ally to Shakespeare. Vol. 97. John Wiley Sons, 2016. Howard, Jean E., and Marion F. O'Connor, eds. Shakespeare repeated: the content in history and belief system. Routledge, 2013. Kolin, Philip C., ed. Othello: New basic articles. Routledge, 2013. Pao, Angela C. Visual Revisions: Re-throwing Othello in Text and Performance. Colorblind Shakespeare: New Perspectives on Race and Performance (2016): 27-45. Rosen, Jeremy. An Insatiable Market for Minor Characters: Genre in the Contemporary Literary Marketplace. New Literary History 46.1 (2015): 143-163. Singh, Megha. Investigating the Female Psyche: Portrayal of Shakespeares Heroines in Hamlet and Othello in Patriarchal Contexts (2017).

Why the British Government decided to colonise Botany Bay :: essays research papers fc

â€Å"Why did the British Government choose to colonize Botany Bay? In the assessment of why Britain colonized Botany Bay, Australia, one can make on numerous inferences. At the point when the First Fleet showed up at Botany Bay in January 1788, little did they understand that for a considerable length of time to come students of history would challenge the genuine reasons with respect to why the British Parliament wanted to build up a settlement in Botany Bay. The Botany Bay discussion, as it has been known to be called, started among students of history in the 1950’s when Geoffrey Blainey said that it was colonized for key motives#. These thought processes included such plans as there was a plant nursery to be built up on Norfolk Island and Australia was to turn into a flax ranch and a market garden that should have been encircled by objective dividers; there had been a disappointment of the developing of flax and pine on Norfolk Island, this from the start had been exceptionally encouraging; and that flax and timber were essential to Britai ns economy as clarified by the British Politicians in numerous letters. Alongside Blainey’s contention came another discussion, this being Botany Bay, was colonized as it was a decent station for exchanging purposes. The conventional view in the discussion was that Botany Bay was the picked place for the convict populace and it is this customary view that my contention will follow. Establishing a settlement in Botany Bay began with the â€Å"Matra’s Proposal†# in August 1783. Matra’s thought was that there was a chance of another settlement of the Americans who had stayed faithful to Britain during the War of Independence, this thought being dismissed by all. Plant science Bay was then observed as an answer for the consistently developing number of filled spoiling convict masses along the River Thames and the overpopulated objectives. The proposition for the foundation of the new settlement being â€Å"Heads of Plan†# tended to the powerful removal of the convicts to the new province. With Britain proceeding to send convicts to Australia for a long time, the cost engaged with shipping the convicts would be enormously diminished and it would be better than managing the issue of the packed masses and objectives in England and the expenses related with taking care of the convicts and so on. Up until 1776 Britain had been moving convicts to the American provinces yet this training was halted with the flare-up of the American War of Independence.

6 Tips to Writing a Solid Reflection Paper (With a Sample Essay)

6 Tips to Writing a Solid Reflection Paper (With a Sample Essay) A reflection paper is an essay that focuses on your personal thoughts related to an experience, topic, or behavior. It can veer toward educational as a reflection of a book youve read or something youve been studying in class. It can also take a more professional slant as you reflect on a certain profession or your experiences within that profession.A lot of students enjoy writing this type of essay, especially if they find it easy to discuss their feelings and experiences related to a topic or profession. However, some students find this type of subjective writing to be difficult and would rather a more objective writing assignment.Whether youre the former or the latter, for this article, were going to look at 6 tips for writing a solid reflection paper that will help you get through the outlining and writing processes. Weve also provided a sample reflection paper so you can see these tips in action.A reflection paper is an essay that focuses on your personal thoughts related to an experience, topic, or behavior. It can veer toward educational as a reflection of a book youve read or something youve been studying in class. Photo by Bruce Mars on Unsplash.Tip #1â€"Choose a topic youre passionate aboutHowever you choose to focus your reflection paper, if youre able to choose your own topic, choose one that is highly interesting to you or that you find important. Youll find that your paper will be much easier to outline and draft if you do. There are a range of potential topics that have been used or have the potential of turning into a great reflection paper. Here are a few suggestions:Describe your internship experience.Discuss a recent book you read that changed you.What is family to you and why?What are some of the qualities demonstrated by your favorite employers and/or managers? What makes them your favorite?Discuss music that has altered your way of thinking or made you see the world from a different perspective.Reflect on your favorite memory of a pet or l oved one.Tip #2â€"Outline your reflection paper before you writeBe sure to outline your reflection paper first before you start to write. Even though this sort of essay is written as a personal reflection, youll still need to make sure you stay on topic and organize your writing in a clear, logical way. As with other traditional essays, there should be an introduction with a thesis statement, a body, and a conclusion. Each paragraph within your body should focus on a different sub-topic within the scope of your overall topic.Tip #3â€"Write in first-person singularWrite in first-person singular. Format the essay according to your teachers instructions, using whatever citation style required. Your teacher will likely request that it is double-spaced, with 1 indentation in each margin, in 12 pt. font. Also keep in mind that most reflection papers will be around 750 words or less.Tip #4â€"Avoid too much descriptionAvoiding adding too much description of events. This is not the kind of e ssay where you need to discuss a play-by-play of everything that happens. Rather, it is the kind of essay that focuses on your reflection of the topic and how you felt during these experiences.Tip #5â€"Avoid colloquial expressions or slangAvoid colloquial expressions or slangâ€"this is still an academic assignment. Also, be sure to edit your essay thoroughly for any grammar or spelling mistakes. Since a reflection paper is written in first-person point of view, its easy to mistake it for an informal essay and skip the editing. Regardless of the type of essay you submit to your professor, it should always be edited and error-free.Tip #6â€"Critical reflection goes deeperIf your assignment asks you to write a critical reflection paper, it is asking for your observations and evaluations regarding an experience. Youll need to provide an in-depth analysis of the subject and your experience with it in an academic context. You might also provide a summary, if the critical reflection paper i s about a book or article youve read.Sample reflection paperMy student teaching experience with the Masters in Education program has been a great learning opportunity. Although I was nervous at first, it didnt take long to apply lessons I have been learning in my academic program to real-world skills such as classroom management, lesson planning, and instruction.During my first week of student teaching, I was assigned a mentor who had been teaching middle school grades for over 12 years. She assured me that middle school is one of the most difficult grades to teach and that there is a high turnover rate of teachers, which worried me. However, once the week got started and I began to meet the students, my fears abated. These young people were funny, inquisitive, and eager to begin reading the assigned book, Lord of the Fliesâ€"especially after we started with a group project scenario that included kids being stranded on an island without adults.The first few weeks of applying classro om management skills I had read about in my Masters program were a definite learning experience. I had read enough about adolescent development to know that they were not yet at the age where they were able to control all of their impulses, so there were moments when some would yell out an answer or speak without raising their hand first. So, at my mentors suggestion, I worked with the students to create their own classroom rules that everyone would agree to abide by. Since they played a role in coming up with these rules, I believe it helped them take more personal responsibility in following them.When we finished that initial group project, I began to see how tasks such as lesson planningâ€"and plans that have to be turned in to the administration weeklyâ€"can easily become overwhelming if not worked out on the front-end of the semester. My mentor explained that most seasoned teachers will work on their lesson plans over the summer, using the proper state curriculum, to have them ready with the school year begins. Having scrambled to get my lesson planning done in time during the first few weeks, I saw the value in this and agreed with her that summertime preparation makes the most logical sense. When the school year gets started, its really a whirlwind of activities, professional development and other events that make it really difficult to find the time to plan lessons.Once the semester got well underway and I had lesson planning worked out with as little stress as possible, I was able to focus more on instructional time, which I found to be incredibly exciting. I began to see how incorporating multiple learning styles into my lesson, including visual, auditory and kinesthetic learning styles, helped the students stay more actively engaged in the discussion. They also enjoyed it when I showed them short video clips of the movie versions of the books we were reading, as well as the free-write sessions where they were able to write a scene and perform it wit h their classmates.Finally, my student teaching experience taught me that above all else, I have truly found my calling in teaching. Every day was something new and there was never a dull momentâ€"not when youre teaching a group of 30 teenagers! This lack of boredom and the things I learned from the students are two of the most positive things for me that resulted from the experience, and I cant wait to have my own classroom in the fall when the school year begins again.

Macroeconomic Factors That Affect An Economy - 967 Words

Introduction The article highlights macroeconomic factors that affect an economy. Microeconomic factors like Gross Domestic Product(GDP), Monetary policy, Fiscal Policy, Interest rate, Inflation, Deflation, Unemployment, economic growth etc. Many people accept inflation as a fact of life but sometimes under some economic circumstances opposite situation take place, which we call† Deflation†. It is also known as Negative Inflation Rate (when inflation rate decreased below 0%). Moreover, deflation is an indication of declining economic condition. Answer-1 Definition: â€Å"Deflation is the reduction of prices of goods means general price level in the economy falls (Hubbard, 2013)† Expalanation Deflation and disinflation both are different from each other. In the case of Disinflation, inflation rate is decreasing to lower rate while in the case of deflation; inflation is decreasing to below 0% means negative. During the economic depression when the demand for goods and services is lower and unemployment is also high at that time deflation usually happens. (Mankiw, 2012) Deflation is not good for the borrower of the money because deflation increase the debt burden (Hubbard, 2013). And it increase the real value of money which is currency of regional or national economy.In the deflation purchasing power of the consumers increase they starts buying more goods and services with the same amount of money overtime.but it’s a big problem in the moderneconomy because it increase the realShow MoreRelatedMacroeconomics : Economic Factors That Affect The Economy1927 Words   |  8 Pages Macroeconomics concentrates on the issues that affect the economy in its entirety. It particularly focuses on economic factors such as inflation, unemployment and economic growth. 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For each of the shifts the affect of the equilibrium price, quantity, and decision making will be analyzed. A description of supply and demand from the simulation and how to apply it in the workplace is included. Concepts of macroeconomics will be explained, and how understanding the factors that affect shifts in supply, and demand on the equilibriumRead MoreEconomics Affects Our Daily Life1576 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Economics affects our daily life. Economics is the social science, which inspects how individuals allocate limited resources in order to satisfy their various desires. Different aspects of economy analyzes and studies production, factors of production, demand and supply analysis, consumption, distribution, market structure etc. Question 1 Economics can be classified into two main branches, which are macroeconomics and microeconomics. Macroeconomics refers to study of economic aggregatesRead MoreFinance Is Based On Economics841 Words   |  4 Pagesneeds by humans. Macroeconomics started with John Maynard Keynes, an English economist, who published a book entitled General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money in 1936. Keynes offered a clarification for the fallout from the Great Depression, when goods remained unsold and workers unemployed, a feat that left classical economists stumped. Keynes theory explained why markets may not clear. This theory evolved throughout the 20th century, diverting into several macroeconomic schools of thoughtRead MoreFactors That Affect The Value Of An Economy1262 Words   |  6 PagesThere are numerous variables or characteristics employed to estimate the health or strength of an economy, known as macroeconomic variables. This can include the following: The Inflation Rate It is referred to as the constant rate of change in the price level in the economy. Many economies encounter positive rates of inflation yearly (Sommers, 2005). Mostly, the price level is usually measured by a price index, which evaluates the price level of goods and services at a particular point in time. AgainRead MoreEnvironmental Essay613 Words   |  3 Pagesenvironmental force. I will discuss how the current state of the economy will impact completing an environmental scan. In order to evaluate how the economy will impact the completion of an environmental scan, it is essential to cover the concerns that affect the economic aspect whether people want to believe it or not. The first concern is the macroeconomic level or factors which cannot be controlled. Leo Sun describes macroeconomic factors as national or global events which are out of people’s controlRead MoreMicroeconomics Versus Macroeconomics Bus6101627 Words   |  7 PagesMicroeconomics versus Macroeconomics Economics for the Global Manager BUS610-1101C-02 Abstract I want to thank everyone for joining me today to review the effects of microeconomics and macroeconomics in conjunction with the healthcare industry. We will start with a brief introduction of what we will review, and then briefly hit on the subject matter in a bit more detail. â€Å"The world’s largest and most diverse economy currently faces the most severe economic challenges in a generation orRead MoreMicroeconomics and the Laws of Supply and Demand Essay703 Words   |  3 Pagesestablished after one or both curves shift will be provided. Microeconomics and Macroeconomics Concepts Microeconomics focuses more on the individual choices consumers make that become influenced by economic factors (Colander, 2013). Macroeconomics focuses on the entire economy rather than just an individual (Colander, 2013). However, both are very interrelated when discussing the economy. The microeconomics and macroeconomics concepts that the simulation introduced were supply and demand, shifts in

The Visual Art Of The Twentieth Century - 2096 Words

Introduction The visual art of the twentieth century, known as modernism, was often thought of as being in a state of uncertainty or crisis. According to Robert Hughes, the key word for this new century was â€Å"modernity† meaning to believe in technology and not craft , as machines with their â€Å"fast, metallic, elastic [and] warm† appearances were new and fascinating to people at this time. The causes of the major turning point within the visual arts at this time was due to changes such as the invention and mass production of new technology and its influence on people. As well as the impact of war, the discovery of new information and the development of various concepts such as the possibility of a fourth dimension, as well as the exploration of the conscious and unconscious mind also influenced modern art. The art movements that resulted from this period in which times were changing rapidly included Futurism, a movement that embraced machinery and praised war, Cubism, which aimed to display a variety of possible viewpoints of an object or figure, Dada, an anti-war movement created amid World War I, with the aesthetics of the artwork considered secondary to the ideas conveyed, and Surrealism, described as an â€Å"impatient interrogation of reality† which aimed to recognise desire. Various artists from various art movements demonstrated elements of this perceived crisis within their works in order to question the world and challenge society in different ways. Futurism FuturismShow MoreRelatedPostmodernism : Modernism And Postmodernism1549 Words   |  7 Pagesof cultural consciousness, which is implemented in the artistic practice of symbolism, expressionism and acmeism. 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To satisfy this need artists took many differentRead MoreThe Role Of Visual Arts For Stage Interventions Into The Representation Of The Female Self722 Words   |  3 Pagesmirror in visual art, with particular reference to the portray al of women.†¨By drawing from the field of art and literature featuring the mirror and reflection, I will be looking at how the work of contemporary women artists and photographers challenged traditional attitudes and practices. This dissertation will be about women who use visual arts to stage interventions into the representation of the ‘female self’.†¨The female body and mirror have repeatedly featured in visual art over the centuries. It isRead MoreThe Great Gatsby By F. Scott Fitzgerald1651 Words   |  7 Pagesmovement in European and American art, literature, and culture. It started from wide scale and far reaching transformations in Western society in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. World War 1 is often seen as a starting event of Modernism. The devastation of Western Civilization in the great war accelerated and strengthened Modernist thinking. Modernism was the most influential literary movement in England and America during the first half of the twentieth century. It had works such as The WasteRead MoreThe Bauhaus : Art Education By Influencing Graphic, Interior, And Typography Design1096 Words   |  5 PagesThe Bauhaus affected art education by influencing graphic, interior, and typography design. It is said that it inspired the rise of many other art schools. In this paper there will be specific information discussed to help each reader in understanding the history of the Bauhaus. Let’s start with a little bit of the back-story of the Bauhaus and its founder Walter Gropius. 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Nanotechnology Free Essays

Nanotechnology does not have to be as small as atoms or molecules, but it is much smaller than anything you can see with your naked eye. Many materials exhibit unusual and useful properties when their size is reduced. Researchers who try to understand the fundamentals of these size-dependent properties call their work nanoscience, while those focusing on how to effectively use the properties call their work nanoengineering. We will write a custom essay sample on Nanotechnology or any similar topic only for you Order Now Nanoscale Nanometer How do we measure the size of nanotechnology materials? We measure materials using the nanoscale. While not precisely defined, the nanoscale ranges from about 1 nanometer (nm) to 100 nanometers. From things the size of individual atoms on the smallest to what you might see with very good optical microscope at the largest size. A nanometer is one billionth of a meter. (A meter is about 10% longer than a yard. ) The prefix â€Å"nano† means â€Å"one billionth†, or 10-9, in the international system for units of weights and measure. A sheet of paper is about 100,000 nanometers thick; a single gold atom is about a third or a nanometer in diameter. Nanomaterials By nanomaterials is a term that refers to all nanosized materials. When particles are purposefully manufactured with nanoscale dimensions, we call them engineered nanoparticles. There are two other ways nanoparticles are formed. Nanoparticles can occur as a byproduct of combustion, industrial manufacturing, and other human activities; these are known as incidental nanoparticles. Natural processes, such as sea spray and erosion, can also create nanoparticles. Many important functions of living organisms take place at the nanoscale. The human body uses natural nanoscale materials, such as proteins and other molecules, to control the body’s many systems and processes. A typical protein such as hemoglobin, which carries oxygen through the bloodstream, is 5 nms in diameter. Nanoparticles, Nanotubes, Nanofilms Think of these simply as particles, tubes, and films that have one or more nanosized dimension. Nanoparticles are bits of a material in which all three dimensions of the particle are within the nanoscale. Nanotubes have a diameter that’s nanosize, but can be several hundred nanometers (nm) long or even longer. Nanofilms or nanoplates have a thickness that’s nanosize, but their other two dimensions can be quite large. How to cite Nanotechnology, Essay examples Nanotechnology Free Essays Nanotechnology is a new multidisciplinary science interfering with many research areas and aspects. This technology deals with so small particles ranges from 1 to 100 nm (Birla et al., 2009; Husseiny et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Nanotechnology or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2015). Nanoparticles of some metals like Au, Ag, Pt and Cu have paid more attention because of their biotechnological benefits (Rai and Duran, 2011). Research revealed the multiapplication of nanoparticle due to their unique properties in electronics, medicine, agriculture, pharmaceutic and environment (Nanda and Majeed, 2014; Dasgupta et al., 2015). Metal nanoparticles emerged as an alternative variety of antibacterial agents against strains of high resistance to the classical antibiotics (Naseem and Farrukh, 2015). Nanoparticles were used as antiviral agents (Gaikwad et al., 2013), effective antibacterial (Singh et al., 2013), cancer cells and antitumor (Daenen et al., 2014). Many researches have been directed to apply the nanoparticles of metals as anthelmintic (Garga and Chandrab, 2012), antifungal (Kim et al., 2012), antiprotozoal (Said et al., 2012), , acaricidal (Marimuthu et al., 2013) and larvicidal (Muthukumaran et al., 2015). Nanoparticles have many chemical and physical characteristics that differ from the metallic particles. Specific characteristics of nanoparticles such as their optical, physicochemical, mechanical properties make them crucial in many applications. Therefore, nanoparticles could be the key factor for the future technologies. Scientific as well as public associations are paying their attention for nanoparticles technology as a good investment source. Nanoparticles could be produced via physical, chemical or biological methods (Haider and Kang, 2015; Ebrahiminezhad et al., 2017). Both chemical and physical methods use reducing agents such as sodium borohydride, sodium citrate and alcohols (Rai and Duran, 2011). However, using of microorganisms in synthesis of nanoparticles represents another great achievement because of the economic and ease production (Shelar and Chavan, 2014; Patel et al., 2015). Research revealed that biological methods is an inexpensive and eco-friendly way for synthesis of nanoparticles. This method used biological agents including bacteria, fungi, yeast and plants (Mourato et al., 2011). Recently, emerging such microorganisms as eco-friendly nano-factories to manufacture inorganic nanoparticles was attractive (Lee et al., 2004; Lengke et al., 2007). Fungi were mentioned as excellent candidates for metal nanoparticle synthesis because they contain many of enzymes that induce the production (Sastry et al., 2003). It was assumed that the mechanism involved in nanoparticles production by fungi was due to cell wall sugars that could reduce the metal ions (Mukherjee et al., 2002) and because they have the high cell wall binding capacity, metal uptake and secrete more amounts of proteins lead to the higher productivity of nanoparticles (Vahabi et al., 2011). Fungi have some advantages over the other microorganisms regarding the synthesis of NPs, because fungal mycelia are able to resist pressure, high temperature and easy storage in the laboratory (Kiran et al., 2016). There are many of metals for biosynthesis (NPs) such as copper, zinc, iron, iron trichloride, lead carbonate, gold and silver (Siddiqi and Husen, 2016). In addition, silver NPs could be synthesized by fungi either intracellularly or extracellularly but the extracellular biosynthesis downstream process much easier and showed more activities against many pathogens (Ahmad et al., 2003). Among the active fungi that were reported to produce nanoparticles; Rhizopous oryzae produced nanoparticles intracellularly of gold (Das et al., 2012), Verticillium sp extracellularly peodcued gold and silver nanoparticles (Soni and Prakash, 2014) in the size range of 20–51 nm. However, F. oxysporum produced nanoparticles of silver of 5–15 nm and 8-14 nm in diameter extracellularly (Ahmad et al., 2003; Senapati et al., 2005). Many other fungi were approved for their productivity of nanoparticles of different metals either extracellularly or intracellularly including: Phoma sp. (Chen et al., 2003), the endophytic fungus Colletotrichum sp. (Shankar et al., 2003), Aspergillus fumigatus (Kuber and D’Souza, 2006) , Fusarium acuminatum (Ingle et al., 2008) , Trichoderma asperellum (Mukherjee et al., 2008), F. semitectum (Sawle et al., 2008), Phoma glomerate (Birla et al. 2009), F. solani (Ingle et al., 2009) , plant pathogenic fungi Aspergillus niger (Gade et al., 2008; Jaidev and Narasimha, 2010), Aspergillus flavus (Vigneshwaran et al., 2007; Jain et al., 2011) , Paecilomyces lilacinus (Devi and Joshi, 2012), endophytic fungus Pencillium sp. (Singh et al., 2013), Aspergillus foetidus (Roy and Das, 2014), Rhizopus stolonifer (AbdelRahim et al., 2017), Penicillium Oxalicum (Bhattacharjee et al., 2017) and Trichoderma atroviride (Saravanakumar and Wang, 2018). Many recent reports have shown that production of nanoparticles by fungi are could be affected by various condition of temperature, biomass weight, time and pH ( Balakumaran et al., 2016; Liang et al., 2017; Othman et al., 2017). Husseiny et al. (2015) reported that most important factors that were affecting the biosynthesis of AgNPs were the temperature, pH, time, the concentration of AgNO3 and amount biomass. Narayanan and Sakthivel (2010) approved that incubation at 27 0C for 72 h with 7 pH and 10 g of the fungal biomass and 1mM concentration of AgNPs were considered the optimum conditions for production of AgNPs from AgNO3 by fungi. Researches showed some variations in the characteristics of the biosynthesized AgNPs by different fungal species. These variations could be due to the source of fungal isolates or strains and types of medium (Devi and Joshi, 2012; Roy and Das, 2014). When Alam et al. (2017) compared the different types of media, they found Czapex dox broth was a good medium to produce enough mycelial biomass to synthesize AgNPs. This because this medium contains essential carbon and nitrogen source along with other vital macro and micronutrients such as magnesium, sodium, calcium, potassium, iron and zinc which are vital for fungal growth.Nowadays, application of AgNPs confirmed their effectiveness in treatment of cancer, bone implant, anti-inflammatory and their biocidal activity against many bacteria and pathogens (Husseiny et al., 2015; Majeed et al., 2016). The antibacterial properties of AgNPs are due to the oxidation and liberation of Ag+ ions into the environment that makes it an ideal biocidal agent (Sivakumar et al., 2015). It is expected that the large surface area to volume ratio as well as high fraction of the surface atoms of the nanoparticles increase their antimicrobial activity as compared with bulk silver metal (Joy and Johnson, 2015). Moreover, the small size of the nanoparticles facilitates their penetration inside the cell. Additionally, excellent antibacterial properties exhibited by AgNPs are due to their well-developed surface which provides maximum contact with the environment (Mitiku and Yilma, 2017). Recent research approved the antibacterial activity of the silver nanoparticles against many bacteria especially those having the capability to cause severe disease for the human such as Salmonella enterica, Enterococcus faecalis, Streptococcus, Proteus mirabilis, Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Staphylococci and Pseudomonas sp (Devi and Joshi, 2012; Shelar and Chavan, 2014; Muhsin and Hachim, 2016; Madakka et al., 2018; Saravanakumar and Wang, 2018). However, shape, dimension, and the exterior charge as well as the concentration of the AgNPs are important factors that affect the antimicrobial activity the nanoparticles against the tested bacteria (Madakka et al., 2018). Devi and Joshi (2012) approved the antibacterial activity of AgNPs comparing with erythromycin, methicillin, chloramphenicol and ciprofloxacin agents Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Salmonella enterica and Enterococcus faecalis. They showed that the diameter of inhibition zones obtained by the silver-nanoparticles, with 5-50 nm in diameter, were more than those obtained by the antibiotics. Shelar and Chavan, (2014) showed that Bacillus subtilis and Staphylococcus sp were inhibited by silver nanoparticles with diameter of 17-32 nm in very close pattern to the standard antibiotic streptomycin. Muhsin and Hachim (2016) reported the best concentration of silver nanoparticles with diameter 8-90 nm that showed strong antibacterial activity against Escherichia coli, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhi and Staphylococcus aureus streptomycin was 100  µl/ ml. Based on the above-mentioned information, we assume that fungi as bio-factories for the biogenic synthesis of the silver nanoparticles are very interesting during eco-friendly and safe technology, also for future application as antimicrobial agents. How to cite Nanotechnology, Papers

Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients Essay Example

Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients Essay Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients Cynthia Evans Mississippi College Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients This is a review of literature examining how frequent recurring episodes of pain affect the quality of life in the sickle cell disease patients. Several studies conducted concerning pain management and quality of life for sickle cell disease patients indicate additional studies needed. Identifying additional effective complementary alternate therapies is vital for a more improved quality of life. This will be necessary in order to reduce the number of painful episodes experienced by the sickle cell patient. Sickle cell disease is a genetic disorder of the red blood cells and further characterized by painful acute vaso-occlusive episodes where the sickle cell is stuck in the blood vessels, blocking the blood flow. This is one of the most common reasons leading up to hospitalization, the vaso-occlusive episodes. These episodes can lead to ischemia and infarctions over the entire body region with painful recurring, unpredictable, intense, and relentless episodes, lasting approximately 3-14 days (Yaster, Kost-Byerly, Maxwell, 2000). According to Granados and Jacob (2009), the purpose of their study was to examine pain experienced and the effectiveness of analgesics for hospitalized adults with sickle cell disease. The literature review indicates a variety of reasons why inadequate pain management is ongoing in the adult (SCD) patients admitted with vaso-occlusive episodes. We will write a custom essay sample on Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Pain Management and Quality of Life for Sickle Cell Disease Patients specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The focus is mainly on factors that affect the management of pain, including methods of analgesic administration, and non-pharmacologic regimens, therefore the perception of the provider is important in regards to treating sickle cell pain as identified in the study by (Shapiro, Benjamin, Payne Heidrich, 1997; Steinberg, 1999; Yale et al. , 2000). Little attention in the way of research studies has been examined in relation to the pain experience of the sickle cell adults. Ballas and Lusardi (2005) evaluated the sequence of hospital admissions of patients with sickle cell disease, reviewing the causes of recurring admissions, and the importance of the patient’s outcome of illness. All readmissions examined specifically within seven to thirty days from the initial admission discharge assessing for the rationale of the recurrence of hospital admission and relation to the prognosis of the sickle cell disease patient. The researchers evaluated the pain by a descriptive underlying research design knowledgeable by the sickle cell disease patients for intensity, location, and quality of pain. Fifty percent of patients admitted for intense painful episodes were readmitted within one month after discharge, and another estimated 16% were readmitted within one week after discharge. Severe pain is described as a degree of pain greater than six on a zero to ten numerical rating scales. A mean score of seven or greater indicates prematurity in discharging the sickle cell disease patients from the hospital. In conclusion, the patients admitted to the hospital with high pain scores were more likely to have lengthy hospitalizations, and to be discharged home with equally higher pain scores. The pain intensity scores from the previous discharge examined by the researchers indicated 71 readmission, in which 52 patients were readmitted for vaso-occlusive episodes, (Ballas Lusardi, 2005). The pain score of study participants indicated a high pain intensity score, and the scores did not change consequently during prolonged episodes. Even higher pain intensity more so on days seven and eight were indicated for increase pain significance. Researchers further indicated that the main reason for hospital readmissions were early discharge to home settings, signs and symptoms of medication/drug withdrawal, that brought about the intense reoccurring episodes of vaso-occlusive illnesses. It was noted that readmissions to the hospital for the adult sickle cell disease patient is more common and researchers recommended future studies for improvement in pain management in the hospital and at home. In future studies, researchers will need to use a larger sample size to evaluate patterns of pain management, effectiveness and influence on quality of life in the sickle cell disease patient. Although, no evidence was identified where upward titration of analgesics was done it is recommended that development of algorithms be encouraged to help carefully plan decisions regarding titration of medications in adult patients with sickle cell disease during hospitalizations. Jiles and Morris, (2008) made known in their descriptive study of 62 patients (18 years of age and older) using Burckhardt and Anderson’s 16 item self-report and a demographic uestionnaire used for data collection. The purpose of the study was to investigate the quality of life in adults with sickle cell anemia, hemoglobin SC, or Hemoglobin S beta thalassemia. The results revealed that the healthy populations average scores for quality of life scale is 90 and in this study the overall mean QOL score was 83. 6 ( SD=13. 2) lower than those of the overall general population. The outcome of this study indicated additional research is necessary to advance the understanding of the factors that greatly affect quality of life in the management of sickle cell disease in order for patients to enjoy normal activities of life. A cross sectional descriptive study conducted by Yoon and Black (2006) researched both pharmacologic and complementary therapies used for pain management by caregivers of children with sickle cell disease (SCD). They further studied the prevalence and types of complementary therapies used for pain management by caregivers of children with SCD and made inquiries of caregivers’ concerning their interests in using complementary therapies in the future. Since there was no obtainable questionnaire to meet the principle of the study, a questionnaire was created by the chief researcher. Items included on the questionnaire was age of child, age of caregiver, use of analgesic, annual income estimate, caregivers educational level, and type of health insurance their child had available. Divisions were randomly ordered and included massage, chiropractic, acupuncture, energy healing, relaxation techniques, imagery, meditation, hypnosis, biofeedback, self-prayer, spiritual healing by others, music therapy, herbal or fold remedies, megavitiamins, yoga, tai chi and other body works, and transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation. The prospective patients were identified, approached, and invited to participate in the study by the clinical coordinator of the sickle cell disease clinic. The study was explained and potential participants were provided an informed consent letter. All subjects were provided a room for privacy and questionnaires were completed either by the caregivers of the participants or by the research assistance. The research assistant was nearby in either case to answer any questions that might arise by the caregivers when completing his/her form. The instructions provided to the caregivers indicated the questionnaires listing of the sixteen complementary therapies. The caregivers were to indicate any usage of them within the last six months and were asked would they be interested in using any of the listed complementary therapies in the future. Statistical analyses was used including how often an event repeats itself over a set amount of time and expected values with standard deviations, were used to compare demographic variables, research use of pharmacological therapies for pain management between age groups, and evaluate pharmacologic/analgesic and complementary therapy use. Chi-square tests were done in the beginning of the study and carried through to completion comparing the demographic variables, scrutinized use of pharmacologic therapies for pain management between age groups, and compared use of pharmacologic and complementary therapies. The results of the most frequently used pain medication for children revealed a mean age of 9 years. The results indicated children using pain medications most frequently identified was ibuprofen (37. 5%), acetaminophen with codeine (32. 1%), and acetaminophen with oxycodone (14. 5%). Complementary and alternative medicine use among children as well as adults has increased in the last ten years. In the study, caregivers with a mean age of 33 years was 70% of the 63 caregivers identified as using some form of complementary therapy. African American mothers made up 79% of the predominant race of caregivers and (56. 9%) indicated an annual income less than $20,000. Sixty percent of caregivers had twelve years of education or less, and twenty-four percent reported at least 2 years of college education. Medicaid (76%) was the major source of coverage for the children, although 24% had private or other identifying insurance. Future studies should include investigating the safety and effectiveness of the most commonly used complementary therapies reported in this study as well as recognizing possible ways complementary and alternative medicine (CAM) may be used effectively with pharmacologic therapies for pain management in children with Sickle cell disease in order to offer greater longevity and overall improved quality of life. Yoon and Black (2006), Jiles and Morris (2008) and Granados and Jacob (2009) all indicate the need for future studies in management of pain in the sickle cell disease patients. All studies indicate that the genetic disorder most commonly found in the African- American affects approximately 70,000 in the United States. This genetic disorder affects the red blood cells causing a stasis of sickle shaped erythrocytes, in which occlusion of the cells microcirculation, causing ischemia, and infarction. These recurring, unpredictable, intensified, and persistent painful episodes prevent stability and overall quality of life in the sickle cell disease patient and all authors indicate the need for future studies. The purpose of this review of literature is to identify all of the effective therapies of pain management for sickle cell disease patients. Whether the therapies used are complementary or alternative therapies vs. analgesic regimens. There must be future studies to seek out the answers for improved methods of pain treatment in order to improve the quality of life for the patients with sickle cell disease to exceed living past the age of forty-two with an increased zest and quality of life. References Granados, R. , Jacob, E. , (2009, May/June). Pain Experience in Hospitalized Adults with Sickle Cell Disease. Medsurg Nursing, 18 (3), 161-167,182. Jiles, V. M. , Morris, D. L. , (2009). Quality of Life of adult patients with sickle cell disease. Journal of the American Academy of Nurse Practitioners, Volume 21, 340-349. doi: 10. 1111/j. 1745-7599. 2009. 00416x Yoon, S. L. , Black, S. , (2006) Comprehensive, Integrative Management of Pain for Patients with Sickle-Cell Disease. The Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine, Volume 12, Number 10, pp. 995-1001.